Born- 12 Oct 1794

At- Hoyle's Creek, North Carolina

Died- 31 Mar 1878

At- Montevallo, Shelby County, Alabama

Buried- Spring Garden Cemetery

(1) Married- Permelia Richards

Marriage Date- 30 Jan 1831

Born- 1813 North Carolina

Died- 1860 Alabama

Buried- Unknown

Permelia Richards Stroup

Two of Moses daughters.

GENERATIONS OF IRON MASTERS

      The famous Southern Iron Master, Moses Stroup, was born October 13, 1794 on upper Hoyle’s Creek, Lincoln County, N.C., where his father Jacob (b. 1771) “brought [him] up in the iron business". Moses’ granddaughter, Mrs. Sallie (Hickman) Haley, said he spelled his name “Stroupe”.

      Moses was born and raised on land owned by his grandfather Adam on Saylor's Branch of upper Hoyle's Creek between High Shoals and (modern) Alexis, old Lincoln (now Gaston) County, central N.C. He inherited a strong body build along with inherent metallurgical skills, passed down from his father.

       By 1745, Jacob Stroup/Straub had settled on Chesapeake Bay’s West Shore near other early iron makers in a tract called Major’s Choice, originally owned by wealthy English iron merchants, Edward and Caleb Dorsey who owned large foundries at Elk Ridge, in SE Baltimore County.

      According to family lore, iron manufacturing had been carried out as a cottage industry along with farming, by the Stroups near Elk Ridge, Md.

            About 1770, news spread about the availability of cheap land in the South with rich deposits of iron ore, coal and limestone, factors that induced Jacob Stroup and his married son Adam to migrate to North Carolina’s Piedmont where they bought land to farm, raise wheat, build mills, and set up small Catalan forges, at one of which Adam manufactured “Stroup rifles” in during the Revolution.

HIS KIN

      Moses father, Jacob Stroup (born1771) was nineteen when he married his first wife Elisabetha “Betsy” Dellinger in Lincoln County in August 1790.  Betsy was the daughter of the wealthy tavern keeper Henry Dellinger who owned fine homes at Magnolia Grove and in Lincolnton Town Square.   His paternal grandparents were Adam and Catherine Stroup of Saylor’s Branch near Alexis, N.C.

      Moses’ maternal grandparents were Henry and Hannah (Rudisill) Dellinger.  (Catherine Stroup was probably Catharina Frensch, daughter or sister to Jacob Stroup’s 1750 neighbor at Major’s Choice.) Mrs. Haley said her grandfather, Moses Stroup of Alabama, was “A first cousin to the Alexanders”, a connection (if correct) that has not be located.

NO FORMAL EDUCATION AT HOYLE'S CREEK, N.C.

      From a letter written after Moses’ death by his much younger half-brother Jacob Decatur Stroup to historian Ethel Armes: “In those days schooling was not kept up, and Moses had none, only what he got by his pine knot light.  But all his life he was a great student, well posted on every subject, and he became a man of fine judgment.”

APPRENTICED AGE ELEVEN

      In 1805 when Moses was eleven, he was apprenticed to his father to learn the iron trade.  The industrious Germans believed in teaching children trade and craft skills, considered more useful than "book larnin", it being their custom to apprentice a boy to learn a trade.  Moses grandfather, Adam, was apprenticed at age eight.

      “He (Moses) beginning at age eleven, while working with his father (Jacob b 1771), would later help put the iron industry in South Carolina and Georgia on firm footing.”

MOTHER'S DEATH

      In March 1807 Moses was thirteen when his mother, Betsy (Dellinger) Stroup, died at age thirty-six following the birth of her last child.   She was buried in the Dellinger family cemetery on Elliot Road near Dallas, N.C.  She left five children, the eldest of whom was Caty, fourteen, and the newborn Alexander.

FATHER'S PARTNER IN IRON AND REAL ESTATE

      At one time Jacob Stroup worked with Philip Rhyne who operated a forge and small iron works on both sides of High Shoals Creek, down the road from the Stroups at Upper Hoyles Creek.  Moses’ father taught him the family trades of making gunpowder, mining coal and iron ore, quarrying limestone, making charcoal and smelting and casting large iron pieces, and he became so accomplished that he was entrusted to carry out whatever new projects his father started.

      In 1809, Moses father, Jacob, married 2nd Mrs. Hannah (Hoyle) Rhyne, the widow of Philip Rhyne whose will specified if she remarried that his farm be sold and Hannah receive a one third share. That same year, 1809, fifteen year old Moses helped his father build an iron furnace at Iron Station, several miles north of the old Stroup homes near Alexis.   When the War of 1812 came, his father Jacob Stroup raised a company of militiamen from Lincoln County, and was elected its Captain.  He fought with them, and returned home safely in 1814.

UNION DISTRICT, S.C.

      By the time Moses was twenty, he had worked with his father Jacob for nine years and had become his chief assistant, so that when his father returned from the war, in 1814 and wanted to build a larger iron foundry, he moved with his father, stepmother Hannah, one of her teenaged sons, and  Moses’ siblings to Kings Creek where this large family settling near Blacksburg, York District, S.C.  “Jacob Stroup established the first iron business in that state.”

FATHER TO COWPENS, SPARTANBURG CO., S.C.

     A minor disaster occurred when their small furnace on King’s Creek blew up during a flash flood, but instead of rebuilding, his father left Moses in charge at King's Creek, and moved a few miles due west into Spartanburg District where he built a larger works called Cowpens Furnace on the site of the Revolutionary Battle of Cowpens.  A prosperously little community soon grew up around this new factory, and Moses’ younger brother Adam Washington, born 1800, opened a tavern, following the trade of their maternal grandfather, Henry Dellinger of Lincoln County, N.C.

MOSES IN CHARGE OF S.C. BUSINESSES

      By 1825 Moses’ father was traveling extensively as a land speculator, buying and selling thousands of acres land, then purchased a home place in Georgia to establish himself as a resident of that State and be eligible for the 1826 Georgia State Land Lottery sale.

      Moses remained in South Carolina, tending the family iron business.  An 1828 land record showed that Moses’ father sold his King's Creek foundry to Col. Will Nesbitt, and left Moses with Nesbitt while he continued building a new works and speculating in land.  “They (Moses Stroup and Nesbitt) did a large business, casting cannon for the Nullification Party in South Carolina.” 

A BROTHER’S ACCOUNT

      Iron Master Moses Stroupe, according to his half-brother Jacob Decatur Stroupe, in a letter to historian Ethel Armes, “He was self educated and scholarly, and all his life was a great student, well posted on every subject, and he became a man of fine judgment. He was always a good money maker but a poor keeper.”

LAND SALES

      In 1828, he sold 3,195 acres and 55 acres on Kings Creek to Wallace McDaniel. In 1829 sold 150 acres on Doolittles Creek to Oliver Quinn.[1]  In 1829 sold 124 acres on Doolittles Creek to Arthur Moss.

1831 MARRIAGE TO PERMELIA RICHARDS

     Moses Stroup was too busy with the Iron Business to marry young, but when he was 37 years old the newspaper Western N.C. Spectator and Advocate reported his marriage:

Wednesday at Cowpens Furnace, Spartanburg, S.C. on 30th of January 1831 to Miss Permelia Richards, daughter of B. W. Richards, Esq.

MOSES GOES TO SPARTANBURG, S.C.

      In 1832 Moses built and operated an iron furnace in Spartanburg, S.C., and that year was casting still more cannon for South Carolina's Nullification party.  In 1834, his daughter Susan Wilmoth Stroup was born in Spartanburg. (5)

FROM A GEORGIA HISTORY

      “About the time of the Removal of the Cherokee Indians, Moses and Jacob Stroup, Germans, about 1837 began manufacturing iron.  A bloomery furnace was built on Stamp Creek, (Ga.) making only hollow ware and castings.”  (This historian called them “Germans” although the Stroups had been in America 153 years, and Moses was the 3rd generation to be native born.)

FATHER AT CANE CREEK, CALHOUN CO., ALA.

      “Alabama's second furnace, Cane Creek near Anniston in Calhoun County, did not go blast until 1840 or 1843.  The furnace was the work of Jacob Stroup, another in a long line of Pennsylvania iron masters who would make Alabama home.” 

      “Stroup is also credited with having built the first ironworks in Georgia and South Carolina.  His eldest son, Moses, would go on to gain fame in his own right as builder of three Alabama furnaces, Round Mountain (1852), Tannehill No. 1 (1859) and Oxmoor (1863)”.

MOSES GOES TO CASS COUNTY, GA.

     Jacob Decatur Stroup wrote that, “In 1843 my brother Moses joined (father Jacob) in Cass County, Ga. and bought him out.   After Moses bought him out, he enlarged the (Etowah) plant, built more furnaces, a rolling mill and a flourmill”.

      “He took in Mark A. Cooper as a partner, and in 1847 sold out to Cooper & Wiley.  The Cass County plant (at Etowah) was then operated by Cooper & Wiley until the Civil War when Gen. Sherman destroyed it.  It was at this rolling mill that Moses Stroup made the first railroad iron in the South.  It was strap iron used on the Old State Railroad, which is now the Western and Atlantic Railroad.” (3)

TO CHEROKEE COUNTY, ALABAMA

     Moses’ father died Oct. 8, 1848 in Georgia.  That same year, “In 1848 Moses Stroup came to Alabama, prospected through Cherokee County, and took up several hundred acres of ore lands from the government.”(3)

      In 1849 Moses started building his Round Mountain Furnace on the site of a forge erected by William Milner, and Henry Milner went into partnership with him. (3) He also had working with him his much younger half-brother Jacob Decatur Stroup.

1850 CENSUS, CASS COUNTY, GA.

      When the 1850 Federal Census was made, Moses Stroup was listed in Cass County, Georgia, along with his wife Permelia and their daughter Amelia . (6)

1852 ROUND MOUNTAIN FURNACE

      By April 1852, Moses’ newly built Round Mountain Furnace was in operation in Alabama

FATHER'S ESTATE

      In 1853 Moses traveled back to Stamp Creek, Etowah, Georgia, to collect his share of his father's estate.  On March 17, 1853, he also signed for $105.81 as agent for his brother Jacob D. Stroup (4), whom he had left tending to business in Cherokee Co., Ala.

MARCH 1855 LETTER

      On March 28, 1855 Moses said in a letter about his Round Mountain plant, “The ore used is the red fossiliferous kind.  It is taken from the side of the mountain, very near the furnace...The number of hands employed for all purposes connected with the furnace is forty-five.  It is over half a mile from the Coosa River, on which is shipped the pig iron to Rome, Georgia.” (3)

OLD TANNEHILL FURNACE

      Shortly after writing this, he sold his Round Mountain plant to Samuel P. S. Marshall, then “in 1855 moved to Tuscaloosa County where his son-in-law John Alexander had purchased the forge at Tannehill from Colonel Tannehill, who had by 1847 a forge here in connection with a foundry”.  (3) “The ironworks (had been) sold to John Alexander in 1857, and it was about this time that his father-in-law, Moses Stroup, was engaged to oversee a major expansion of the plant”. (8)

      After coming to Tuscaloosa County...Moses Stroup began at once the construction of his big group of furnaces.  He used slave labor, and cut his own timber, quarried the sandstone, constructing the furnaces by means of skids.  He built a tramway to the ore fields, and saw and flour mills.  He made plows, axes, firedogs, and all kinds of hollow ware.  His coaling bed was a mile east of the furnaces.

      He (Moses) took John Alexander into partnership.  Machinery was brought from Philadelphia.  A flourishing little settlement grew up in the vicinity of the furnaces.

      A foundry was built just south of the single furnace and cast sheds and a cast house near the double furnaces. The furnaces were constructed of huge boulders of sandstone; each weighing four hundred pounds, and the in walls, bosh and crucibles were lined with firebrick imported from Stowbridge, England.

      “The stone jacket was fashioned precisely like the early furnaces of England and Wales.  A rough log trestle from the high bridge on its near side carried the teams laden with the furnace burden.  Something like 3,400 acres of heaver timber was cut down during the life of the old furnaces for charcoal.”

1858-1859

      “J. P. Lesley, in the Bulletin of the American Iron Association of 1858, lists “Stroup's Forge” as a bloomery, making bars for home market from hematite ores, brown and fibrous (sic) from neighborhood.  Made in 1857 up to October 1...60,394 pounds in 100 days. That averaged out to about 27 tons.”

      “The great difficulty in getting men of capital to come here from the North”, wrote Moses Stroup in 1859, “is you cannot get them to believe what we say about this country, and they won't believe it is healthy here.”

FURNACE DESCRIPTIONS AND OPERATIONS

      All these furnaces (Round Mountain 1852 Tannehill 1859 and Oxmoor 1863, built by Moses Stroup in Alabama) were similar in that they followed the same basic design, a truncated pyramid built of stone blocks around a hollow chamber, the height ranging from 19 to 40 feet and in the bosh (the widest portion of the chamber) from four to eight feet in diameter.  A brick stack might add another 10 to 20 feet.

      The work...involved slave labor, although the proprietor or iron master may not have actually been a slave owner.  It was common practice of the day to hire slaves from local owners on an annual basis.  The operator would feed, clothe and guard the slaves. Early Alabama ironworks were largely rural operations located near ore beds, a stream for waterpower and alongside large stands of timber needed for charcoal.

      They were all located near a hillside used to anchor the charging bridge as they were top-fed a mixture of ore, limestone and charcoal.  Built much in the same fashion as the earlier stone furnaces in Alabama, Tannehill No. 1 used sandstone carved from a quarry site on the hillside 300 yards to the west.  Many of the big stones, which were transported to the furnace site by the use of skids, weighed in excess of 400 pounds.  The quarry site can be seen today much the way Stroup left it a century earlier.

      When the stone stack was completed, a wooden trestle was built connecting the furnace to the hillside behind it for the purpose of charging the ironworks from the top.  Stroup’s stone stack was 30 feet high and 8 1/2 feet in the bosh.  Given the obstacles of reducing the ores, it is thought production did not exceed five to six tons a day. Slave labor was used extensively in cutting the stone, building the furnace and digging charcoal pits that were located on the high ridge behind the plant.

      A wooden flume brought water from Roupes Creek on whose banks the furnace stood to an overshot wheel that was mounted on a wooden axle that turned on stone bearings.  To the end of the axle was attached a cam which in turn operated a set of huge bellows by means of a lever.  The forge hammer was also operated by waterpower in much the same manner.  From the hearth at the bottom of the furnace molten iron was tapped into sand beds or ladled into molds.  This operation took place in a casting shed or foundry built onto the furnace itself.  The depression in the sand where the iron poured from the 'tap hole' had runners to each side resembling a cow with suckling piglets thus came the description of 'pig iron'.

      The craftsmanship of the furnace work -- and of Furnaces Nos. 2 and 3 that would follow in 1863 -- was a tribute to the skill of slave artisans whose work would stand into the next century.  Slaves dug the brown hematite ore from open pits in the Goethite deposit in the same area Hillman and Tannehill received their supply some two to three miles from the plant. (8)

TANNEHILL FURNACE No. 2

      “When the Tannehill No. 2 went into blast it was the first major technological rebuild in the iron making operation here since Hillman built his forge in 1830.  Stroup added a foundry as well as cast houses for making plows, axes, firedogs and all kinds of hollowware. In the vicinity of the ironworks Stroup located a store or commissary, a nail factory, various small forges and nearby dozens of slave houses.” (8)

1860 CENSUS

      The 1860 Federal Census lists Stroup and Alexander as owners and operators of a forge at Tannehill representing a capital investment of $20,000.  It may have been fired just as the No. 1 blast furnace at Tannehill was nearing completion.  In 1850 Col. Tannehill had only a $4,000 capital investment in the iron operation and employed but six workers.

TANNEHILL'S SIZE AND IMPORTANCE

      There are reports that as many as 600 slaves worked at Tannehill at one time in all phases of the operation including iron manufacture, timber cutting, charcoal production, ore mining and transportation.  Tannehill Furnace is considered the birthplace of the Birmingham, Ala., iron industry, and is now in Tannehill Historical State Park near Bessemer, Alabama. (8)     

1862 SALE TO SANDERS

      In 1862 John Alexander sold the ironworks to William L. Sanders (or Saunders) of Marion.  Moses Stroup remained as superintendent for a few months, then moved to Jefferson County, Alabama.

1863 RED MOUNTAIN'S OXMOOR FURNACE

      Arriving in Jefferson County, he built Oxmoor Furnace, the first ironworks in that county and almost a copy of Tannehill No. 1.  It went into operation in October 1863. While there is no doubt that brown ore was used extensively in the Tannehill operation, there is a report that Stroup experimented with red ore from Red Mountain which would have been its first use on record in a blast furnace.

      The Oxmoor plant, under Moses Stroup’s practical hand, kept up steadily its twenty tons per day.  Mary Gordon Duffy wrote:  “The Furnaces gave employment to a large amount of skilled labor and created quite a settlement of worthy people...” (8)

CIVIL WAR

           “Providing cannon, cannonballs, railroad ties and such for the Confederate Army became a large item of business for the Stroup ironworks, but the cash-poor Confederate States paid their bills in Confederate money, and the ironworks purchased supplies with ‘hard cash’.  Therefore, although the war made these foundries highly productive, they were not profitable.”

1863-1865

      As recorded by Ethel Armes, During the period from 1863 to 1865...the press of work on all the furnace men and artisans became a thing unutterable...Although Moses Stroup was nearly seventy years of age by this time, Moses toiled night and day.  There was a singular reserve about this old furnace man and a deep kindliness of nature and manner.

      He had affection for his home and his children somewhat out of common.  Although he married late in life, he had six children, three boys and three girls, whose mother died when they were all quite young. His boys all went off to the wars.  The oldest son, Alonzo Stroup, enlisted in a North Carolina regiment.

      Henry, the second boy, joined a North Alabama regiment, and little Andrew Moses Stroup, no more than sixteen years old, and the youngest in the family, entered a boy company mustered in Jefferson County. No sooner had the Oxmoor furnaces gone into blast than Moses Stroup got word that Henry had been killed (May 5, 1863) on the firing line up in Virginia.

      Then, without warning, the body of little Andrew was brought home to the father.  The boy had fallen under the camp rigors at Selma, just as his company was making ready for the front.  They buried the child in the old Elyton cemetery. (Andrew Moses Stroup died of disease Jan 16, 1864 in hospital in Selma, Alabama, four months before his 18th birthday.)

      No sooner was his grave covered than Moses Stroup got the message that the oldest boy (Alonzo) had been shot to death just as Henry had been, somewhere in the marches north.  During those hard-pressed years several of the blast furnaces in other counties flickered, and some went out; but the Oxmoor furnaces kept up to the mark, steady and true, and everyone knew it was because "Old Man Stroup was on the job.”

IRON WORKS DESTROYED

      “On May 22, 1864, Col. J. S. Casement of the 103rd Ohio, took the Second Brigade, consisting of that Regiment and the 24th Kentucky, totally burning the iron works, the office, rolling mill, nail mill, other buildings and mill villages.”  (7)

      “But a day came when the work was wrested even from Moses Stroup. He saw the destruction of Oxmoor and heard of that at Tannehill and in the other States. All his handiwork thus was gone, out of sight and usefulness, it seemed to him forever.”

      When the Civil War ended in 1865, all of Moses Stroup’s sons dead, his iron works were destroyed, and with the Emancipation of the Slaves, the large amounts of brute labor needed to rebuild or operate these large works profitably was gone.

HIS LAST YEARS

            “Yet, they say, that when the guns had ceased firing, old as he then was, he was ready to begin, though there was nothing for him to begin with.  His daughters gathered to him, and with them and their children he spent his closing years, dying near Montevallo, in 1877”.

HIS PORTRAIT

      “From Richard S. Hickman of Ensley, Alabama, a relative who is devoted to the old man's memory, a portrait of Moses Stroup has been received.  It is a face that speaks. It shows how at the last he came to be the master of his days, and how grief opened to him the house of truth.  As one looks at this picture, the old furnace man --the great stoic--can be seen very plainly, sitting at his daughter's cottage door in the evening, patiently and quietly, leaning on his stick, and looking out with far seeing eyes upon the west...”

SUMMATION OF HIS LIFE

      “Born in Lincoln County, North Carolina in 1794, (Moses) Stroup was one of the premier iron makers of his day.  He was a remarkable genius in his way," wrote Miss Duffee. "He seemed to be endowed with a natural talent and intense personal fondness for the useful industry he so early chose as his profession, as will be shown that by the fact that during his lifetime he built seven different furnaces and five rolling mills.”  (7)

     “He built the first rolling mill in South Carolina and made the first railroad iron ever made in the business.” (5)

      “Moses Stroup, at the time of his death...was the oldest and most experienced iron maker in the South.”  (7)

       “He did more in the iron industry in the South in his day and time than any other man.  His knowledge of the construction and operation of blast furnaces was wonderful.”              

HIS DEATH

      Moses Stroup died Mar. 31, 1878 near Montevallo, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, and was buried Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Clear Creek Cemetery.

CHILDREN OF MOSES and PERMELIA (RICHARDS) STROUP

     1. Emily Theresa Stroup (1832-1834), Spartanburg District, S.C.

     2. Susan Wilmoth Stroup (b. Aug. 13, 1834, Spartanburg District, S.C.; d. Nov. 7, 1904 at Ensley, Ala., home of son Rush.  Susan was married (as his 2nd wife) to Pleasant A. Hickman, Oct. 7, 1862, Tuscaloosa, Ala., by Rev. Wm. W. Moore.  Pleasant Hickman, b. Pendeleton, S.C. May 4, 1813, d. Apr. 20, 1897.   He and wife buried Green Pond Cem.

                  (1) Rush Stroup Hickman (Mar. 22, 1866 - Oct. 24, 1924); m. Jan. 20, 1892 Mamie Hail, d/o Rev. Richard Hail, D. D.; parents of:

                       a. Joseph C. Hickman of Atlanta, Ga.

                  (2) Sallie Amelia Hickman, b Apr. 16, 1864; m. May 3, 1892 William F. Haley; lived age 84 in 1948 with dau Mrs. R. K. Darden, 1623 Halbrook Ave., S., Bessemer, Ala. In 1848, Mrs. Haley had Moses Stroup’s Bible in an old trunk at Green Pond, Alabama.

     3.  Alonzo Alexander Stroup, b. Nov. 19, 1836, Spartanburg, d 1864.

     4.  Sarah Ann Stroup, b. May 15, 1839, Union District S.C.  Married Marshal N. Alexander.  Died Mar. 14, 1892 aged 52 yr, 10 m. and 1 day, Shelby Co., Alabama; buried near her father.

     5. Hester Amelia Stroup, b. Apr. 2, 1841 Spartanburg District, S.C., married John W. W. Hanbury, b Norfolk, Va.  Hester died in 1903 in Shelby County, Ala.

     6. Mary Elizabeth Stroup, b. Aug. 6, 1842 (stone: 1943), Cass County, Ga. Married Dr. Monroe Ward. Died - Aug. 1887, Shelby Co., Ala.

     7. Henry Rush Stroup, b. Dec. 6, 1844, Cass Co., Ga.; d. Virginia May 5, 1863 in C.S.A.

     8. Andrew Moses Stroup, b. Oct. 18, 1846, Cass Co., Ga.; d Jan 16, 1864 in C.S.A., in hospital in Selma, Alabama, of disease before his company went into battle.

     9. Margaret Ellen “Ellie” Stroup, b. May 18, 1849, Cartersville, Cass Co., Ga.; m. late in life Mr. Manring; no children; d. Sept. 25, 1931. Buried Green Pond Presbyterian Church, Tuscaloosa, Ala.

     10. Louisa Euphemia Stroup, b. Sept. 13, 1852 Cass Co., Ga.; d. Feb. 9, 1853 Cherokee Co., Alabama.

END NOTES

      1. York County, S.C. Deed Index, Vol. L, p 565; L:237, 273.

      2. Chauncey Depew Stroup, Sr., banker and historian of Lincolnton, N.C.; President of the Stroup Family Association Reunions held at Alexis, N.C. (starting in 1925); letters and Xerox copies of his family journals to Ethel Stroupe.

      3. Ethel Armes, The Story of Coal and Iron in Alabama, pub. 1910.

pp 64-67, 160-169.  Also, The Rome Eagle Stove Works at Rome, Georgia, continues to manufacture high quality kitchen ranges and heating stoves using pig iron shipped down the Coosa River from foundries at Round Creek, Alabama,

      4. His father's Cass County, Ga. estate records.

      5. Letter, Willie Mae King, Columbus, Miss., Oct. 5, 1959; Moses Stroup married Hester Amelia Alexander, information from Moses’ daughter Susan Wilmoth (Stroupe) Hickman.

      6. Letter from Kay Bowman, 6001 Deer Trace, Nashville, TN 37211, June 11, 1991; wife was Permelia Richards.

      7. From a History of Georgia.  Research submitted by Dorothy Hogwood, Fort Worth, TX, 76108.

     8. James R. Bennett, Old Tannehill, a History of the Pioneer Ironworks in Roupes Valley, Ala., 1829-1865, Jefferson Co. Historical Commission 1986, p 13, 37-43